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BELARUS.TXT
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1994-11-29
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Belarus
Geography
Location:
Eastern Europe, between Poland and Russia
Map references:
Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - European States, Europe,
Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
207,600 sq km
land area:
207,600 sq km
comparative area:
slightly smaller than Kansas
Land boundaries:
total 3,098 km, Latvia 141 km, Lithuania 502 km, Poland 605 km, Russia
959 km, Ukraine 891 km
Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
none; landlocked
International disputes:
none
Climate:
cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental
and maritime
Terrain:
generally flat and contains much marshland
Natural resources:
forest land, peat deposits
Land use:
arable land:
29%
permanent crops:
1%
meadows and pastures:
15%
forest and woodland:
0%
other:
55%
Irrigated land:
1,490 sq km (1990)
Environment:
current issues:
soil pollution from pesticide use; southern part of Belarus
contaminated with fallout from 1986 nuclear reactor accident at
Chornobyl'
natural hazards:
NA
international agreements:
party to - Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur, Biodiversity, Environmental Modification, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified - Climate
Change, Law of the Sea
Note:
landlocked
People
Population:
10,404,862 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.32% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
13.12 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
11.16 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
1.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
18.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
70.88 years
male:
66.2 years
female:
75.79 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.88 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Belarusian(s)
adjective:
Belarusian
Ethnic divisions:
Byelorussian 77.9%, Russian 13.2%, Polish 4.1%, Ukrainian 2.9%, other
1.9%
Religions:
Eastern Orthodox, other
Languages:
Byelorussian, Russian, other
Literacy:
age 9-49 can read and write (1979)
total population:
100%
male:
100%
female:
100%
Labor force:
4.887 million
by occupation:
industry and construction 40%, agriculture and forestry 21%, other 39%
(1992)
Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Belarus
conventional short form:
local long form:
Respublika Byelarus'
local short form:
none
former:
Belorussian (Byelorussian) Soviet Socialist Republic
Digraph:
BO
Type:
republic
Capital:
Minsk
Administrative divisions:
6 voblastsi (singular - voblasts') and one municipality* (harady,
singular - horad); Brestskaya (Brest), Homyel'skaya (Homyel'), Horad
Minsk*, Hrodzyenskaya (Hrodna), Mahilyowskaya (Mahilyow), Minskaya,
Vitsyebskaya (Vitsyebsk)
note:
the administrative centers of the voblastsi are included in
parentheses
Independence:
25 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 27 July (1990)
Constitution:
adopted 15 March 1994; replaces constitution of April 1978
Legal system:
based on civil law system
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
President-elect Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (elected 10 July 1994, but not
yet inaugurated) election held June 24 and 10 July 1994 (next to be
held NA); Aleksandr LUKASHENKO 80%, Vyacheslav KEBICH 14%
head of government:
Prime Minister Vyacheslav F. KEBICH (since NA April 1990; offered his
resignation on the election of LUCHASHENKO), First Deputy Prime
Minister Mikhail MYASNIKOVICH (since NA 1991)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers
note:
first presidential elections took place in June-July 1994
Legislative branch:
unicameral
Supreme Soviet:
elections last held 4 April 1990 (next to be held NA); results -
Communists 87%; seats - (360 total) number of seats by party NA; note
- 50 seats are for public bodies; the Communist Party obtained an
overwhelming majority
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
Belarusian Popular Front (BPF), Zenon PAZNYAK, chairman; United
Democratic Party of Belarus (UDPB), Aleksandr DOBROVOLSKIY, chairman;
Social Democratic Party of Belarus (SDBP), Mikhail TKACHEV, chairman;
Belarus Workers Union, Mikhail SOBOL, Chairman; Belarus Peasants
Party; Party of People's Unity, Gennadiy KARPENKO; Movement for
Democracy, Social Progress, and Justice (DSPS; includes the Communist
Party), Viktor CHIKIN, chairman
Member of:
CBSS (observer), CE (guest), CEI (participating), CIS, CSCE, ECE,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, ILO, IMF, INMARSAT, INTELSAT (nonsignatory
user), IOC, ITU, NACC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Sergey Nikolayevich MARTYNOV
chancery:
1619 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone:
(202) 986-1604
FAX:
(202) 986-1805)
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
(vacant); Charge d'Affaires George KROL
embassy:
Starovilenskaya #46, Minsk
mailing address:
use embassy street address
telephone:
7-0172-34-65-37
Flag:
three horizontal bands of white (top), red, and white
Economy
Overview:
Belarus ranks among the most developed of the former Soviet states,
with a relatively modern - by Soviet standards - and diverse machine
building sector and a robust agriculture sector. It also serves as a
transport link for Russian oil exports to the Baltic states and
Eastern and Western Europe. The breakup of the Soviet Union and its
command economy has resulted in a sharp economic contraction as
traditional trade ties have collapsed. At the same time, the
Belarusian Government has lagged behind most other former Soviet
states in economic reform; privatization has barely begun; the
agriculture sector remains highly subsidized; the state retains
control over many prices; and the system of state orders and
distribution persists. Meanwhile, the national bank continues to pour
credits into inefficient enterprises, fueling inflation and weakening
incentives to improve performance. The government is pinning its hopes
on reintegration with the Russian economy, but such a path would only
partially restore traditional trade ties. Until economic reform is
embraced, Belarus will continue in its economic morass.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $61 billion (1993 estimate from
the UN International Comparison Program, as extended to 1991 and
published in the World Bank's World Development Report 1993; and as
extrapolated to 1993 using official Belarusian statistics, which are
very uncertain because of major economic changes since 1990)
National product real growth rate:
-9% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
$5,890 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
30% per month (1993)
Unemployment rate:
1.4% officially registered unemployed (December 1993); large numbers
of underemployed workers
Budget:
revenues:
$NA
expenditures:
$NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Exports:
$710 million to outside of the FSU countries (f.o.b., 1993)
commodities:
machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs
partners:
Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Bulgaria
Imports:
$743 million from outside the FSU countries (c.i.f., 1993)
commodities:
fuel, industrial raw materials, textiles, sugar
partners:
Russia, Ukraine, Poland
External debt:
$NA
Industrial production:
growth rate -11% (1993); accounts for about 40% of GDP (1992)
Electricity:
capacity:
8,025,000 kW
production:
37.6 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
3,626 kWh (1992)
Industries:
employ about 40% of labor force and produce a wide variety of products
including (in percent share of total output of former Soviet Union):
tractors (12%); metal-cutting machine tools (11%); off-highway dump
trucks up to 110-metric-ton load capacity (100%); wheel-type
earthmovers for construction and mining (100%); eight-wheel-drive,
high-flotation trucks with cargo capacity of 25 metric tons for use in
tundra and roadless areas (100%); equipment for animal husbandry and
livestock feeding (25%); motorcycles (21.3%); television sets (11%);
chemical fibers (28%); fertilizer (18%); linen fabric (11%); wool
fabric (7%); radios; refrigerators; and other consumer goods
Agriculture:
accounts for almost 25% of GDP and 5.7% of total agricultural output
of former Soviet Union; employs 21% of the labor force; in 1988
produced the following (in percent of total Soviet production): grain
(3.6%), potatoes (12.2%), vegetables (3.0%), meat (6.0%), milk (7.0%);
net exporter of meat, milk, eggs, flour, potatoes
Illicit drugs:
illicit cultivator of opium poppy and cannabis; mostly for the
domestic market; transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western
Europe
Economic aid:
$NA
Currency:
Belarusian rubel
note:
the government signed a framework agreement with Russia for a monetary
union in January 1994, but a schedule and mechanism for merging the
two monetary systems and replacing Belarusian rubels with Russian
rubles have not been worked out
Exchange rates:
NA
Fiscal year:
calendar year
Communications
Railroads:
5,570 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)
Highways:
total:
98,200 km
paved:
66,100 km
unpaved:
earth 32,100 km (1990)
Inland waterways:
NA km
Pipelines:
crude oil 1,470 km; refined products 1,100 km; natural gas 1,980 km
(1992)
Ports:
none; landlocked
Merchant marine:
claims 5% of former Soviet fleet
Airports:
total:
124
usable:
55
with permanent-surface runways:
31
with runways over 3,659 m:
1
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
28
with runways 1,060-2,439 m:
20
note:
a C-130 can land on a 1,060-m airstrip
Telecommunications:
telephone service in Belarus is inadequate for the purposes of either
business or the population; total number of telephones 1,849,000 (31
December 1991); telephone density - 18 for each 100 persons; about 70%
of the telephones are in homes; over 750,000 applications from
households for telephones remain unsatisfied (1992); new investment
centers on international connections and business needs; the new
BelCel NMT 450 cellular system (a joint venture) is now operating in
Minsk but progress has been slower in establishing an INTELSAT earth
station; international traffic still relies on the Moscow
international gateway switch; broadcast receivers - television
3,538,000, radio 3,140,000, radio receivers with multiple speaker
systems for program diffusion 5,615,000
Defense Forces
Branches:
Army, Air Forces, Air Defense Forces, Security Forces (internal and
border troops)
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 2,520,487; fit for military service 1,981,749; reach
military age (18) annually 71,922 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
56.5 billion rubles, NA% of GDP (1993 est.); note - conversion of the
military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could
produce misleading results